Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Advanced Statistical Methods
Testing Complex Causal Theories Simultaneously
SEM combines factor analysis and path analysis to test entire theoretical models with latent variables, direct effects, and indirect effects in a single unified framework. It answers questions that simpler methods cannot.
- Psychology β Test theories about unobservable constructs like intelligence or anxiety
- Marketing research β Model how brand perception drives customer loyalty through mediating factors
- Education β Evaluate how teaching methods influence learning outcomes through multiple pathways
SEM lets you test the whole theory, not just isolated pieces of it.
What Is SEM?
SEM allows researchers to:
- Test complex theoretical models with multiple dependent and independent variables
- Model latent variables (constructs not directly observed)
- Assess both direct and indirect effects simultaneously
- Evaluate overall model fit against the observed covariance matrix