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RAG: Retrieval-Augmented Generation

Natural Language ProcessingRAG: Retrieval-Augmented GenerationđŸŸĸ Free Lesson

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RAG: Retrieval-Augmented Generation

Module: Natural Language Processing | Difficulty: Advanced

RAG Framework

Dense Passage Retrieval (DPR)

Retrieval + Generation

  1. Encode query
  2. Retrieve top-k passages
  3. Concatenate with query
  4. Generate answer

Metrics

MetricRetrievalGenerationEnd-to-End
Recall@1085%--
Exact Match-65%60%
F1-72%68%
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class RAGModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, query_encoder, passage_encoder, generator, top_k=5):
        super().__init__()
        self.q_enc = query_encoder
        self.p_enc = passage_encoder
        self.generator = generator
        self.top_k = top_k
    def retrieve(self, query_ids, passage_ids):
        q_emb = F.normalize(self.q_enc(query_ids), dim=1)
        p_emb = F.normalize(self.p_enc(passage_ids), dim=1)
        scores = q_emb @ p_emb.T
        top_k = scores.topk(self.top_k, dim=1)
        return top_k.indices
    def forward(self, query_ids, passage_ids, answer_ids=None):
        retrieved = self.retrieve(query_ids, passage_ids)
        if answer_ids is not None:
            return self.generator(passage_ids[retrieved], answer_ids)
        return self.generator.generate(passage_ids[retrieved])

Research Insight: RAG combines the strengths of parametric knowledge (stored in model weights) with non-parametric knowledge (stored in the retrieval corpus). This enables up-to-date knowledge without retraining, but requires careful balance between retrieval quality and generation fluency.

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