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ML System Design — Architecture and Production Patterns

Expert TopicsSystem Design🟢 Free Lesson

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ML Engineering

ML System Design — Building Production ML Systems at Scale

Master the architecture and design patterns for building robust, scalable machine learning systems in production.

  • Feature Stores — Centralized feature management for consistency
  • Model Serving — Real-time and batch prediction architectures
  • Monitoring and Observability — Ensuring models perform well in production

"A model is only as good as the system that serves it."

ML System Design — Complete Guide

ML system design combines software engineering with ML to build reliable, scalable production systems.


ML System Architecture

Four-Layer ML System ArchitectureDATA LAYERData CollectionStreams, APIs, ETLData Lake / WarehouseS3, BigQuery, SnowflakeFeature StoreFeast, TectonData QualityGreat ExpectationsTRAINING LAYERExperiment TrackingMLflow, W and BModel TrainingDistributed GPUModel EvaluationMetrics, A/BModel RegistryVersioning, lineageSERVING LAYERReal-time API< 100ms, TF ServingBatch PredictionSpark, scheduledEdge DeploymentTFLite, ONNXA/B TestingTraffic splittingMONITORINGData DriftModel PerformanceLatency/ThroughputAlerting and RollbackFeedback Loop

Real-Time vs Batch Serving

Real-Time vs Batch PredictionReal-Time InferenceLatency: < 100ms (p99)Pattern: Request → ResponseUse: Recsys, fraud, search rankingStack: TF Serving, Triton, BentoMLInfra: Kubernetes, autoscalingCost: High (GPU/low-latency infra)QPS: 100 - 100,000+Batch PredictionLatency: minutes to hoursPattern: Schedule → Process → StoreUse: Reports, emails, scoringStack: Spark, Airflow, dbtInfra: Data lake, warehouseCost: Lower (CPU, scheduled)Records: 10M - 1B per batch

Key Takeaways


What to Learn Next

-> MLOps — Machine Learning Operations Complete Guide Learn about mlops — machine learning operations complete guide.

-> Model Deployment — APIs, Containers and Production ML Learn about model deployment — apis, containers and production ml.

-> Model Evaluation — Metrics, Cross-Validation and Selection Learn about model evaluation — metrics, cross-validation and selection.

-> Feature Stores — Managing ML Features at Scale Learn about feature stores — managing ml features at scale.

-> Capstone Projects — End-to-End ML Applications Learn about capstone projects — end-to-end ml applications.

-> Model Deployment — APIs, Containers and Production ML Learn about model deployment — apis, containers and production ml.

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