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Optimizers for Deep Learning — SGD, Adam, AdamW and Learning Rate Schedules

FoundationsOptimization🟢 Free Lesson

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DL Foundations

Optimizers — From SGD to Adam, Finding the Best Weights

Optimizers determine how neural network parameters are updated based on computed gradients. The choice of optimizer and learning rate schedule significantly impacts training speed and final performance.

  • AdamW is the Default — Combines momentum with adaptive learning rates and decoupled weight decay
  • SGD + Momentum for Vision — Often achieves better generalization than adaptive methods on image tasks
  • Cosine Annealing + Warmup — The standard learning rate schedule for modern deep learning

Optimizers for Deep Learning — SGD, Adam, AdamW and Learning Rate Schedules

Optimizers determine how neural network parameters are updated based on computed gradients. The choice of optimizer and learning rate schedule significantly impacts training speed and final performance.


Gradient Descent Foundation


SGD with Momentum

SGD vs SGD with Momentum: Convergence PathMinimumSGDMomentumSGD: zigzags due to noisy gradientsMomentum: smooth, faster convergence

Adaptive Learning Rate Methods

AdaGrad

RMSProp


Adam and AdamW

Optimizer Comparison: Convergence SpeedTraining StepsLossSGDSGD+MAdamAdamWFaster convergence →

Learning Rate Schedules

Step Decay

Cosine Annealing

Warmup

Learning Rate Schedules: Cosine + WarmupTraining StepsLearning RateWarmupCosineLinear warmupStep decayη_maxη_min

Optimizer Selection Guide

Optimizer Selection Decision TreeTask Type?NLP/TransformersAdamWlr=2e-5, warmup, cosineComputer VisionSGD+Momentumlr=0.1, cosine, WSDGANs/RLAdamlr=1e-4, beta1=0.5Optimizer PropertiesSGD: Best generalization, slow convergenceAdam: Fast convergence, may overfitAdamW: Decoupled weight decay, default for transformersLAMB: Large batch training, distributed

Practical Tips


Summary

  • SGD + Momentum for computer vision: best generalization with proper tuning
  • AdamW for NLP/transformers: fast convergence, decoupled weight decay
  • Cosine annealing + warmup is the standard learning rate schedule
  • Learning rate is the most important hyperparameter — tune it first
  • Different tasks require different optimizers and hyperparameters

Next: Weight Initialization

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